“Life of Pi” Mini Essay Essay

Juxtaposing â€Å"Crude reality† with fiction â€Å"for the sake of greater truth†, Yann Martel’s ‘Life of Pi’ illustrates the influence childhood experiences can have our lives, ultimately preparing us for adulthood and the challenges which lie ahead. The lessons Pi learns in his childhood essentially play a vital role in his survival at sea with the illusive figure of Richard Parker. Whilst some skills that Pi acquires in his early childhood plainly aid his future adventure some are not as blatantly obvious, none the less they are still fundamental in his survival and adult life. Pi’s early childhood experiences provide him with the basic skills required to survive his future voyage at sea as having learnt to so swim at age seven by Francis Adirubasamy â€Å"Mamaji† essentially proves vital to survival at sea. Moreover, his vast knowledge of animals, having grown up at a zoo, helps him tame Richard Parker regardless of which story entails the ‘truth’. Furthermore, pi’s experience of watching a tiger kill a goat in his early childhood taught him the fundamental lesson ‘an animal is an animal’, enabling him to strategically and mentally survive his long and testing time at sea. However, perhaps more fundamental in influencing his future adventures and childhood are not the skills that he acquired in his youth but instead the deeper knowledge of himself and the world around him attained through his religious beliefs. Pi’s belief in pluralism and acceptance of the three religions, Hinduism, Christianity and Islam aid his future and is a crucial part of his survival at sea, his faith in knowing â€Å"so long as god is with me, I will not die† gives him the mental strength and will power to survive his ordeal. Furthermore, the three religions and the stories they impart shred a light on and explore the diverse perceptions of truth, from the â€Å"Dry, yeastless factuality† modern depiction of truth. Ultimately, allowing him to manipulate the truth in order to be at peace with the â€Å"crude reality† of his ordeal. Pi’s childhood experiences and teachings learnt in Pondicherry play a vital role in his future adventures and adult life, shaping him and giving him the skills and inner strength required to survival 227 days at sea.

Directors duties - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3123 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Duty Essay Did you like this example? Question Recently gautam limited liability convened an annual general meeting in which five directors were elected. The board of directors had several meetings and they decided, interalia, to purchase 150 acres of land by using the company money. The directors thereinafter sold the land at high price and kept 10% of profit for themselves. Dom, one of the directors entered into agreement with several companies without informing the Board of Directors. Later Dom incorporated a new company with similar object clause and started to compete with Gautam Berhad. In an annual general meeting the minority shareholders raised the abuse of directors and excess profit made. The majority shareholders objected 1) Discuss the fiduciary responsibility of directors 2) Based on the facts to what extend the directors are unable (cases or section) 3) Discuss the right of minority shareholders 4) Based on the facts advise minority shareholder (use your own words) Answers 3) The right of minority shareholders are I. Rights Under The Memorandum And Articles Of Association. The Memorandum and Articles of Association (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“MAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) of a corporation are the statutory papers of a corporation. The MA are significant papers as they set out and normalize among other belongings the stuffs of the corporation and the method in which the corporation to be coped. The MA take result in rule as a agreement between not only the stockholders and the corporation, but between each individual stockholder and every other. Generally, a pretentious individual stockholder may carry an act in court to inhibit any suggested gap of the MA. In suitable cases, the court may also set aside deeds done in gap of the MA. However, where a third party is intricate, the courts may be less equipped to set aside the deal unless the third bash recognizes or perhaps should to have recognized of the gap. To further ensconce privileges under the MA, the law delivers that the MA can only be edited by a special purpose, that is to say a purpose conceded by a mainstream of not less than three-fourths of the stockholders elective either in person or by proxy at the overall conference of the corporation. The MA is therefore an significant starting fact for a stockholder who may feel pained. A stockholder is eligible at rule to a replica of the MA, and on demand, the corporation is compulsory to send a replica of the MA to the stockholder. The stockholder is, however compulsory to create imbursement of $5.00 or such lesser amount as is immovable by the directors. II. The Right To Information As the saying goes, knowledge is supremacy. This is no dissimilar in the case of the minority stockholder, who frequently by cause of not being intricate in the day to day administration of the corporation, will not own thorough info on the relationships of the corporation. The law strikes an equilibrium from necessitating too mu ch exposÃÆ' © (which may be excessively onerous and affect the capability to uphold a gradation of certainty that may be desirable to the administration of a business), and the neediness of stockholders not in administration to be informed. The following are some of the causes of info on a corporation. The records referred to in sub-paragraphs i), ii), iii) and iv) below may be examined by a stockholder without safekeeping, and replicas may be obtained by imbursement of a minimal safekeeping. The register of stockholders. This register which is normally reserved at the listed office of the corporation would deliver info as to the titles and addresses of the stockholders and their stockholdings. The register of managements, office assistant, directors and accountants. This register which is kept at the listed office of the corporation would comprise definite arranged info on the own details of these peoples and of their arrangements. Unconnectedly there is a register of m anagerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stockholdings reserved at the listed workplace that would among other things show a managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stockholding in the corporation or in a related company, and whether any manager has privileges or possibilities to get or dispose of stocks in the corporation or a related company. The register of considerable stockholders. This register which is reserved at the listed workplace of the corporation would deliver info on peoples interested in not less than 5% of the elective stocks in the corporation and the magnitude of their curiosity. i) The register of debenture owners and the register of accusations. These registers are commonly reserved at the listed office. A debenture is normally a paper which makes or admits an obligation. The register of debenture owners would offer details of debenture owners to whom the corporation has published debentures (other than debentures movable by distribution) and the sum of debentures apprehended by them . The register of accusations would deliver info associating to most shape of safety granted by a corporation to protect debts of the corporation. The miniature paperback of overall conferences. The miniature paperback is reserved at the listed office or chief site of industry of the corporation. A stockholder may examine without accusation the miniature paperwork which are compulsory to be reserved or minutes of all overall conferences of the corporation. The accounted profit and loss financial records of the corporation, the accountantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ report and the managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ report. These reports are compulsory to be conveyed to stockholders not less than 14 days before the overall conferences of the corporation at which the financial records are to be presented. These papers deliver beneficial info associating to the monetary relationships of the corporation. i)The Registry of Companies. The Registry upholds a record of papers wedged with the registe r office. Replicas of papers comprising much of the info characterized above may be purchased from the Register office. III. The Right To Attend, Vote And Call General Meetings Of The Company A stockholder has a correct to be present any overall conference of the corporation. A stockholder is also eligible to tell at the conference. Overall conferences of corporations are significant events for minority stockholders, especially of big corporations, as it is an event to encounter and enquire queries of the administration. Further, stockholders of a corporation (other than those holding non-voting option stocks) are eligible to ballot on any resolve. With one exemption, such privileges may not be debarred by the MA of the corporation. The exemption is that the law countenances a corporation to deliver in its Articles for postponement of such privileges where appeals or other amounts billed by a stockholder in admiration of his or her stocks have not been remunerated. Apart from the Yearly Overall Conference, Remarkable Overall Conference (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“EGMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) of a corporation may be termed. Two or more stockholders holding not less than 10% of the topics allotment wealth of the corporation, or such lesser quantity as is delivered in the Articles, may call for an EGM. Further, a resolve may be put onward for elective at a overall conference if a requisition is made in script by (i) stockholders holding not less than 5% of the elective privileges, or (ii) not less than 100 stockholders holding stocks in the corporation on which there has been remunerated up an mediocre amount, per stockholder, of not less than $500.00. The prerequisite of a 10% shareholding, 5% elective privileges or 100 stockholders may not continuously be effortless to encounter in a case of minority stockholders in a corporation having many stockholders, such as definite big corporations. Thus, there may be a need to tug together capitals, and governments such as t he SIAS would no uncertainty be in a location in suitable cases to aid enable such labors. D. The Overall Correct To Be Cured Justly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Constitutional Medicine Under Section 216 Of The Companies Act Section 216 of the Companies Act exemplifies the overall correct of a stockholder, in precise a minority stockholder, to be cured justly. Cases in court allocating with the piece display that while the courts identify the privileges of the mainstream, where there has been a noticeable leaving from the values of just play likely on the part of the mainstream of those in administration, the courts may intrude to deliver a medication. Under the piece, a stockholder may apply to court for help where: the relationships of the corporation are being piloted or the supremacies of the managements are being exercised in a mode tyrannical to one or more stockholders or in disrespect of his or their welfares as stockholders; or some action of the corporation has been finished or is endangered or that some resolve of the stockholders, or any tutorial of them has been voted for or is else biased to one or more of the stockholders (including the stockholder creating the request). Under the first ground, the relationships of the corporation would be piloted in a tyrannical mode where there is a noticeable leaving from the values of just allocating and a defilement of the situations of just drama that a stockholder is eligible to professional. A case of ignoring the curiosity of a stockholder will be formed out where those in rheostat of the corporation in spite of being conscious of the welfares of the minority create an intentional conclusion to overrule or broom it to the side. Under the second ground, a case may be formed out where there are prejudiced actions which cannot be vindicated with allusion to the curiosity of the corporation and which operate unethically. On the other hand, a case may be delivered on the ground of biased preco nception, and in this esteem there are a great quantity on examples where a case of biased preconception may be formed out. Case law signifies that the magistrates are more eager to create a discovery of biased preconception where the demeanor protested of is not in accordance with the articles or some other prerequisite of law. Exceptionally, demeanor that is lawful may, in definite restricted situations, be unfairly prejudicial. This is, however, the exemption rather than the law. The exemption ascends in conditions where the articles do not mirror the sympathetic upon which the stockholders were related. In this esteem, if there are legitimate expectations on the part of the shareholder which have been breached, the court may intrude and deliver a medication. In overall, however, stockholders (chiefly of big corporations having many stockholders) have no extra legal anticipation out there that discussed on them by the constitution of the corporation. If the case is made out under section 216, the court has extensive supremacies to medication or put an end to the substances protested of. For example, the court may instant or forbid any action or revoke or differ any deal or resolve. The court may also create instructions to normalize the demeanor of the corporation in the upcoming. In suitable cases, the court may empower civic minutes to be delivered in the title of the corporation against people against whom the corporation has entitlements. The wide-ranging extensiveness of the supremacies of the court go so fast as to countenance the court to gale up or clear up the corporation if such is essential to medication or end the substances protested of. The penalties of zigzagging up a corporation are further dealt with in Part E of this article. IV. The Remedy Of Winding Up The Company The courts may, among other grounds, wind up a corporation on a request by a stockholder where: The managers have acted in the relationships of the corporation i n their own welfares rather than in the welfares of the stockholders as a whole, or in any other mode whatever which seems to be biased or unfair to other stockholders. It is just and unbiased to do so. The courts have formed unblemished that it is mistaken to frontier the conditions in which a case for zigzagging up on the fair and reasonable ground may be formed out. The courts, however, frequently do necessitate some adequately staid crime, indecorous demeanor or gap of some sympathetic or legal anticipation on the part of a stockholder. Cases have also revealed that the medication is not only obtainable in cases where some gap or contravention of some lawful privileges is intricate, such as a gap of the MA, but also gaps of some legal anticipation on the part of a stockholder that may not be instituted on the lawful correct. For example, in small and nearly dash corporations, the courts have on event granted the medication where a stockholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legal anticipa tion to partake in administration was trespassed. It should, however, be cited that the greater the corporation and its quantity of stockholders the more problematic it would be in the conditions of the case to found a legal anticipation. This is because with a big stockholder base, it is more likely that stockholders would normalize their events by mention to more official and lawful preparations such as the MA rather than unofficial and understood preparations and anticipations. Zigzagging up is a radical medication in that it puts into operation a procedure which would lead to the end of the corporation. Except for a petite retro after a zigzagging up instruction is formed, the corporation would no longer be able to do industry and stages would be taken to gale down the corporation. Examinations into the relationships of the corporations including the actions of managements and constables of the corporation may be tackled in the procedure of zigzagging up. Thus, in suitable cases, the medication of zigzagging up is an influential medication, though frequently of latter report, obtainable to stockholders. V. The Right To Sue On Behalf Of A Company There may be events where an incorrect is done to a corporation, but the mainstream or those in rheostat of the corporation agree to take no act in admiration of the crime. Since the incorrect is to the corporation, the entitlement has to be brought by the corporation and a minority stockholder will normally have to bear by the decision of the mainstream or those in rheostat. This is a normal aspect of mainstream law. However, where the action protested of is out there the stuffs of the corporation as set out in the memo of the corporation, any stockholder may prosecute to have the deal reticent. This is because the mainstream has no correct to necessitate the corporation to do something out there its things. Further, exceptionally the courts in the welfares of fairness would, put on overall rule, allow such a entitlement to be carried by the minority, specially where there has been an misuse of supremacy. A mutual example where the minority has been permitted to carry or uphold the act is where the mainstream of those in rheostat have muffled legal privileges being carried against themselves. This correct at overall rule is complemented by section 216A of the Companies Act which sets out a process to countenance a stockholder to put on to court in suitable cases to countenance an act by the corporation to ensue. The process under section 216A is, however, not obtainable in admiration of corporations registered on the Singapore Interchange. However, there is nil to prevent a privilege being carried under overall rule in the case of registered corporations. 4) Based on the facts I would like to advise minority shareholder on: Our customer in a publishing corporation for over 10 years having been one of the founders of the industry. Our customer was also a manager and worker of the corporation and had slowly condensed her employed hours in training for superannuation. When the stockholders of the corporation were impended by a big cosmopolitan watching to obtain the industry, our customer enquired us to counsel her as a minority stockholder on the auction of her stockholding and in precise the levy insinuations. We had originally counseled our customer in joining with a stockholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ contract (useful checklist for stockholder contracts here) and new articles of connotation when a third bash saver combined the corporation as a stockholder several years ago. Our counsel at that phase was that our customer should make sure that her stockholding was not diluted to less than 5%, that her stocks convey elective privileges and that she continue a manager and/or worker of the corporation to make sure that she does not endanger her capability to acquire businesspersonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ release on a auction. We also counseled on the c orporation reform which intricate adjustments to the portion wealth to cater for dissimilar lessons of stocks. Our customer was conscious that the articles of connotation included slog alongside privileges that could potency her to vend her stocks at the equal value as the other stockholders however she was also ardent to make sure that her privileges were sheltered as entirely as likely in the auction documentation (including the portion acquisition contract). In adding, our customer desired to make sure that the deal was systematized in the most levy well-organized method likely from her viewpoint. She grips at least 5% of the normal portion wealth of the aim corporation designating her to 5% of the elective privileges. She is a constable or worker of the aim corporation (or one of the corporations in the collection) The location concerning the earn out deliberation be eligible for businesspersonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ release was more intricate, especially given the one year ho lding prerequisite. We thus bargained with the purchaser than the deliberation should be organized in such a mode as to empower our customer to advantage from businesspersonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ release in admiration of the earn out deliberation as well as the early deliberation. The portion acquisition contract enclosed a quantity of guarantees and insurances however as our customer was only a minority stockholder in the corporation we bargained with the purchaser that she would not be obligatory to provide the guarantees and insurances on a combined and numerous foundation with the other venders and her accountability would be partial to the all-out sum of deliberation she was getting under the portion acquisition contract. We revised the guarantees and exposÃÆ' © note with our customer to make sure that she was contented with the guarantees that were being given and the exposÃÆ' ©s that had been formed. We also counseled our customer on limiting agreements which the purchaser compulsory in the portion acquisition contract. As our customer was owing to be retiring and had no intention of setting up a contending industry she was contented with the limitations suggested by the purchaser. Our customer was pleased when the deal finished and has since referred us to home participants and contacts for counsel on corporation rule and recruitment rule topics. References: https://sias.org.sg/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=268Itemid=102lang=en# https://www.gannons.co.uk/expertise/case-studies/tax-law-case-studies/advising-a-minority-shareholder-on-sale/ Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Directors duties" essay for you Create order

What Is Radical Feminism

Radical feminism is a philosophy emphasizing the patriarchal roots of inequality between men and women, or, more specifically, the social domination of women by men. Radical feminism views patriarchy as dividing societal rights, privileges, and power primarily along the lines of sex, and as a result, oppressing women and privileging men. Radical feminism opposes existing political and social organization in general because it is inherently tied to patriarchy. Thus, radical feminists tend to be skeptical of political action within the current system and instead tend to focus on culture  change that undermines patriarchy and associated hierarchical structures. What Makes It Radical? Radical feminists tend to be more militant in their approach (radical as getting to the root) than other feminists.  A radical feminist aims to dismantle patriarchy rather than making adjustments to the system through legal changes.  Radical feminists also resist reducing oppression to an economic or class issue, as socialist or Marxist feminism sometimes did or does. Radical feminism opposes patriarchy, not men. To equate radical feminism to man-hating is to assume that patriarchy and men are inseparable, philosophically and politically.  (Although, Robin Morgan has defended man-hating as the right of the oppressed class to hate the class that is oppressing them.) Roots of Radical Feminism Radical feminism was rooted in the wider radical contemporary movement. Women who participated in the anti-war and New Left political movements of the 1960s found themselves excluded from equal power by the men within the movement, despite the movements supposed underlying values of empowerment.  Many of these women split off into specifically feminist groups, while still retaining much of their original political radical ideals and methods.  Radical feminism became the term used for the more radical edge of feminism. Radical feminism is credited with the use of consciousness-raising groups to raise awareness of womens oppression. Later radical feminists sometimes added a focus on sexuality, including some moving to radical political lesbianism. Barbara Alper / Getty Images Some key radical feminists were Ti-Grace Atkinson,  Susan Brownmiller, Phyllis Chester,  Corrine Grad Coleman,  Mary Daly,  Andrea Dworkin,  Shulamith Firestone, Germaine Greer,  Carol Hanisch, Jill Johnston, Catherine MacKinnon, Kate Millett, Robin Morgan, Ellen Willis, and Monique Wittig.  Groups that were part of the radical feminist wing of feminism include Redstockings,  New York Radical Women (NYRW), the Chicago Womens Liberation Union (CWLU), Ann Arbor Feminist House, The Feminists,  WITCH, Seattle Radical Women, and Cell 16.  Radical feminists organized demonstrations against the Miss America pageant in 1968. Key Issues and Tactics Central issues engaged by radical feminists include: Reproductive rights for women, including the freedom to make choices to give birth, have an abortion, use birth control, or get sterilizedEvaluating and then breaking down traditional gender roles in private relationships as well as in public policiesUnderstanding pornography as an industry and practice leading to harm to women, although some radical feminists disagreed with this positionUnderstanding rape as an expression of patriarchal power, not a seeking of sexUnderstanding prostitution under patriarchy as the oppression of women, sexually and economicallyA critique of motherhood, marriage, the nuclear family, and sexuality, questioning how much of our culture is based on patriarchal assumptionsA critique of other institutions, including government and religion, as centered historically in patriarchal power Tools used by radical womens groups included consciousness-raising groups, actively providing services, organizing public protests, and putting on art and culture events.  Womens studies programs at universities are often supported by radical feminists as well as more liberal and socialist feminists. Some radical feminists promoted a political form of lesbianism or celibacy as alternatives to heterosexual sex within an overall patriarchal culture. There remains disagreement within the radical feminist community about transgender identity.  Some radical feminists have supported the rights of transgender people, seeing it as another gender liberation struggle; some have opposed the transgender movement, seeing it as embodying and promoting patriarchal gender norms. Writings Mary Daly. The Church and the Second Sex: Towards a Philosophy of Womens Liberation. 1968.  Mary Daly.  Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism.  1978.Alice Echols and Ellen Willis. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975. 1990.Shulamith Firestone. The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. 2003 reissue.F. Mackay.  Radical Feminism: Feminist Activism in Movement. 2015.Kate Millett.  Sexual Politics.  1970.Denise Thompson, Radical Feminism Today. 2001.Nancy Whittier.  Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Womens Movement. 1995. Quotes From Radical Feminists I didnt fight to get women out from behind vacuum cleaners to get them onto the board of Hoover. — Germaine Greer All men hate some women some of the time and some men hate all women all of the time. — Germaine Greer The fact is that we live in a profoundly anti-female society, a misogynistic civilization in which men collectively victimize women, attacking us as personifications of their own paranoid fears, as The Enemy. Within this society it is men who rape, who sap womens energy, who deny women economic and political power. —  Mary Daly I feel that man-hating is an honorable and viable political act, that the oppressed have a right to class-hatred against the class that is oppressing them.  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Robin Morgan In the long run, Womens Liberation will of course free men—but in the short run its going to COST men a lot of privilege, which no one gives up willingly or easily. — Robin Morgan Feminists are often asked whether pornography causes rape. The fact is that rape and prostitution caused and continue to cause pornography. Politically, culturally, socially, sexually, and economically, rape and prostitution generated pornography; and pornography depends for its continued existence on the rape and prostitution of women. — Andrea Dworkin

Human Resource Management And The Role Of Human Resources...

The changing role of Human Resources and the role of the Human Resources Business Partner Prepared by: Taznah Prins Prepared for: Anita Abbott Submitted on 16 October 2016 SIT-2016-MTG302.8 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 1 2. Introduction 2 3. Background 2 4. Literature review 3 5. Data collection plan and rationale 4 6. Conclusion 5 7. References 6 8. Appendices 6 8.1 Appendix A – Questionnaire 6 8.2 Appendix B – Email to the survey participants 8 1. Executive Summary Several studies in the field of Human Resource Management concentrate on the importance of a Human Resources Business Partner to the organisation’s performance. Bredin (2008) notes a shift from traditional to strategic Human Resources Management and the implications for the organisation. Ulrich (1997) suggested how Human Resource Management and the role of a Human Resources Business Partner can contribute to an organisation’s competitive advantage. The objective of this literature review is to provide a reasonable understanding regarding the various roles and structures in Human Resources. It looks at changes, barriers, challenges and the implication of those changes faced by a Human Resources Business Partner when moving into the role of strategic business partner. Adding value to the organisation’s strategic outcomes by knowing the business and applying their knowledge to implement change. 2. Introduction Business today is competitive and driven by a precipitous market,Show MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management Roles592 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Resource Management’s Role in the Health Care Industry HCS/341 Human Resources in Health Care January 9, 2012 Diane Rodriguez â€Æ' Human Resource Management’s Role in the Health Care Industry Human Resource Management helps healthcare organizations maintain a great relationship between the employees and their organization. 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The strategic role of human resource management in itself is complex in a national company, but it is even more in an international company, where recruitment activities, administrative

Do we have a defensible account of what is to be a person Free Essays

To support the assertion that a person exists as a person in their individual unique position and that, they do not, cannot and can never occupy the space and position of another person must be proven using unchallengeable, unquestionable or unchanging evidence. Before we begin answering this question, we must first of all establish who and what a person is: i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Do we have a defensible account of what is to be a person? or any similar topic only for you Order Now what are the basic and universal characteristics of a person? Where does the definition of a person begins and ends along the continuum that is occupied by all species – they could be hominoids – monkeys, baboons, apes, chimps, or non-person species etc†¦.† When does a person cease being a person to become a non-person? Is this a reversible process – if so, why? If not, why? According to Wiktionary a person is a human being, then a human being is defined as man, the characteristics of man are identified from the later â€Å"human being† being signifies existence, human means belonging to the species of Homo sapiens some of the characteristic that would be associated to this is ability to express, feel, all humankind characteristics like being weak or fallible. Where then do we find the person in the human being is it the physical body of an individual being? Aristotle says man is a logical â€Å"word using† animal and a featherless two footed animal. These however, are not the only differences. A lot of other animals share these characteristics for instance insects and apes though remotely but it emerges that people are distinctly quite distinctive, befitting account of what it is to be a person could give the core of this distinction hence illustrating why certain characteristics are important and the others but incidental John Haugeland Noà »s, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1982. We are told, that modern philosophers and Christians interpreted Aristotle’s â€Å"logical† as â€Å"rational† thus proposing this rationality as our principle differentia, therefore Descartes maintains that people can talk because they reason and he could have stated the same on other characteristics. Contrary to other animals humans have a highly developed brain with an ability to reason abstractly, use words and examining thoughts, it is due to this mental capacity together with their body structure that allows their upper limbs to make more use of tools than other animals. Human beings are social by nature a characteristic of most primates; nevertheless they are more skillful in using systems of communication for self-expression, interaction, exchange of ideas and planning. Man has put in place social structures made of competing and cooperating groups such structures are, families marked by blood relations and other relations, nations originating from geographical boundaries, social groups and so on. These interactions between humans have put in place a wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics values laws and social norms which are the foundation of a human society. Man has a clearly noticeable recognition for beauty and tastefulness which is compounded by the human desire for self-expression has given rise to cultural inventions and innovations such as art, literature and music. Humans are distinct for their desire to understand and influence the world around them, man seeks to explain and manage natural occurrences by science, mythology, philosophy and religion, this curiosity in man has led to development of tools and skills, this may be one of the most significant characteristic of human beings. It is by these characteristics: Anatomical structures, mental abilities, social responsibility, cultural norms, conscious and unconscious will and freedom of choice, innovativeness that we define a person. This may be the basic and universal characteristics of a person. How to cite Do we have a defensible account of what is to be a person?, Papers

Chasidim And Old Order Amish A Comparison Essay Example For Students

Chasidim And Old Order Amish: A Comparison Essay Chasidim and Old Order Amish: A ComparisonThe two groups to be examined are the Chasidim and the Old Order Amish. We will begin with a brief look at the history of each group. The Chasidim, or Hasidim, as more commonly known, are a cult within the tradition of Judaism. The word ?Hasid? derives from the Hebrew word for ?pious?. Hasidism dates back to the early eighteenth century and originated in central and Eastern Europe. Its founder was a man named Israel ben Eliezer (c.1700-1760). He is otherwise known as the Baal Shem Tov. In Hebrew ?Baal Shem? means, ?master of the name?. It is a title given to men who are endowed with mystical powers. According to Hasidic belief, Adonai (God) chooses these men. The Baal Shem Tov taught a new way of practicing Judaism that was strikingly different than what was considered acceptable at that time. It was his contention that God was everywhere and in all things?including man. There was no need for rigorous study of Torah (the Pentateuch, or Five Books of Moses). A mans education?or lack thereof, is unimportant. Accordingly, an honest prayer from an unlearned Jew is just as powerful than a prayer made by a talmid chache m (an expert in Talmud). The Besht insisted that unity with God was possible through spontaneous prayer, ecstatic emotion, song, and dance. Jews were to embrace their raw emotions, release their passions?and not to suppress them as they might interfere with the analytic study of Judaism. This new way of worship was unlike anything that had been previously seen in Judaism. It appealed to great numbers of Jews, namely the uneducated masses. The rise of popularity of Hasidism was also aided by its timing. As Leo Rosten writes about the Baal Shem Tov in his book The Joys of Yiddish, ?He brought the excitement of hope into the lives of Polish Jewry, who had been decimated during a decade of savage Cossack progroms.? Despite the renewed enthusiasm it engendered, it also found strong opposition, namely from the misnagdim. For the misnagdim, study figures as the supreme religious act. This is not so for the Hasidim. The teachings of the Besht place an emphasis on the doing of mitzvahs. The literal translation of this Hebrew word is ?commandment? but when used commonly ?mitzvah? refers to any virtuous deed. The Talmud-studying community considered the Baal Shem Tov outrageous and heretical. However, this did not appear to bother the Besht over-much as he derided the learned Talmudists, branding them sterile pedants who ?through sheer study of the Law have no time to think about God. Despite the opposition the Hasidim grew to i nclude approximately 10,000 Jews. After the death of the Baal Shem Tov in 1760, Rabbi Dov Baer took over as the leader of the Hasidim. It was during his leadership that the teachings of the Baal Shem Tov were organized into a set doctrine. Hasidim membership grew during this period, causing Jewish authorities to grow concerned and subsequently to impose a ban on Hasidim. Nevertheless, Hasidism continued to thrive in Europe until the rise of the third Reich. It was after the devastation of the Holocaust that the Hasidim immigrated to the United States. The decision to leave Europe for America did not come easily, ?Many Hasidim feared that the religious and political freedoms of the United States would finish the job that Hitler could not finish in the ovens of Auschwitz.? . Like the Hasidim, the Amish descended from a larger religion. In their case, the Amish stem from the Anabaptists. The Anabaptists were a sixteenth century religious group. Anabaptist beliefs included adult baptism and worship held in the home and n ot at a church. These are beliefs that the present-day Amish hold. The Anabaptists suffered a split as a result of disagreements over basic religious practices. Menno Simons, a Dutch Anabaptist, founded one of the splits. His followers were known as the Mennonites. This group faced heavy persecution and eventually fled to Switzerland. It is from the Mennonites that the Amish descend; Jakob Amman, a Mennonite preacher, founded his own branch which came to be known as the Amish. Parent EssayLeo Rosten. The Joys of Yiddish. (New York: Pocket Books, 1970). p. 24. William M. Kephart and William W. Zellner. Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles. ?The Hasidim?. (New York: St. Martins Press, 1998), p. 171. William M. Kephart and William W.Zellner. Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles. ?The Old Order Amish?. (New York: St. Martins Press, 1998), p. 6. William M. Kephart and William W. Zellner. Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles. ?The Old Order Amish?. (New York: St. Martins Press, 1998), p. 6. Philip K. Bock. Rethinking Psychological Anthropology. (Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc, 1999), p. 235. Leo Rosten. The Joys of Yiddish. (New York: Pocket Books, 1970), p. 307. William M. Kephart and William W. Zellner. Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles. ?The Hasidim?. (New York: St. Martins Press, 1998), p. 196.

The Levels of Meaning in Blake’s “London”​ an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

The Levels of Meaning in Blake’s â€Å"London†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ by Expert Suzzane | 07 Dec 2016 William Blake is a prolific poet whose works can be read on many different levels. His Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience are fine examples of this. Blakes London is a masterpiece in that it presents a view that can be read on religious, political and social levels through its masterful use of syntax and diction. Need essay sample on "The Levels of Meaning in Blakes London" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Clearly, the title of the poem London sets the reader up to view the city through the eyes of the speaker. Andrew Moore notes that modern readers can identify more with the poem than perhaps readers in Blakes time because our association with the dirt and poverty of urban areas as nightmarish is more rooted in modern reality than those of the earlier era. He comments that it exposes the gulf between those in power and the misery of poor people (Moore). Thus, Blakes poem can be red on a social level. Certain images in the poem aid in the social commentary that Blake is elucidating. First, the Marks of weakness, marks of woe draw the reader into the sadness and oppression of the London streets. The repetition of the cries of various voices in the streets, the cry of every man, the infants cry, the chimney-sweepers cry, and the cry of the harlot and her newborn, give a continuous sound to the hopelessness. Moore again comments that this last cry is the most damning, in that the harlots cry is a curse on the traditional, societal values of marriage and family. He says the cry of the child-prostitute is the truth behind respectable ideas of marriage. New birth is no happy event but continues the cycle of misery, and the wedding carriage is seen as a hearse, leading to a kind of death (of innocence? of happiness?). The word plagues here suggests the sexually transmitted diseases which the "youthful harlot" would contract and pass on to others (men married for convenience but with no desire for their wives), giving her cursing words real destructive power (Moore). Sadly, as Blake is clearly noting, the prostitute has become what she is because of her eternally dismal situation and is thus a symbol of a declining social morality (Rix 28). Thus, the sounds from the streets illuminate significant societal weaknesses and woes, as Blake promises in line four. As Lambert pens, The harlot--a perverse mother figure--passes down to her child a legacy of corruption and contagion, one that likewise infects the marriage institution (and, by association, the Church), ensuring for posterity an endless cycle of excoriation and oppression (141). There seems to be no room for redemption or reversal of this horrendous trend. The visual image of the manacles is also significant. He notes that the mind-forged manacles act as iron restraints on the common man. A forge is a fire which creates the manacles, just as the mind which descends into hopelessness creates the same restraints for an impoverished and oppressed citizen. Of course, manacles are used on prisoners, insinuating that societys inequalities can create prisoners of its citizens. Moore notes that this image is even an allusion to Rousseau, who notes that Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains in which they [the manacles] come from the ideas and outlook imposed on us by external authority (Moore). However, these weaknesses and woes do not stop at the societal level. They continue to traverse the mere society of common inpiduals to the upper realm of the political elite. First, Blakes first two lines illustrate a concept of British political mandates that few modern readers may understand. The lines, I wandered through each chartered street / Near where the chartered Thames does flow, reveals a concept of rule which involved the ownership of public passages, like the street and the river. Moore says, it is a matter of fact that charters were granted to powerful people to control the streets of London and even the river. It is absurd that the streets are "chartered" (not free to ordinary people) but blatantly so in the case of the mighty river, which cannot really be controlled by the passing of a law. However, every face that the speaker meets seems to echo this absurdity. War is definitely an issue which is politically volatile. In 1793, Londoners did feel the threatening tug of impending war and a growing antiwar movement was rising. Rix calls Blakes view to be nearly prophetic; In fact, Blake was nearly right in his prognosis, as the discontent with the governments recruiting tactics flared up in the violent anticrime riots of September 1794 (29). In London, the hapless soldier's sigh / Runs in blood down palace-walls, indicating an anti-war stance with the archetypal image of blood. In a similar poem also by Blake, The French Revolution, a nearly identical image is presented as blood runs down the pillars of French castles (Rix 29). Clearly Blake was opposed to the impending upheaval that would cause additional pain on London society. Another political issue, which derives arguably from a social issue, is one that Blake illuminates in other poems. That is the concept of child labor and the lack of legislation barring this type of abuse and torture. The chimney sweeper, for which Black appeared to have a very soft heart, is the central image for this line of political comment. Of course, the use of children to work until their deaths in the sooty chimneys of London is an embarrassing and despicable era of the past. Because readers of Blake will recognize this subject as the title of other poems, this image can actually stand alone. However, it does correlate in this poem with the image of the blackened church. This image links the sooty chimney-sweeper with the hapless soldier. Black, being an image of wide interpretation can be both a literal visual image and a figurative image of evil and chaos. Line 10s blackening church is seen as a most cunningly ambiguous description which has spawned much debate. Lambert cites Walter S. Minot, for example, who takes the stance which designates blackening an intransitive verb that describes . . . the blackening of the church by soot (141). Additionally, he cites Michael Ferber who views the Church as an agent which is blackening [v.t.] the minds of the sweepers, manacling them to keep them in thrall to her mystery and tyranny (Lambert 141). Finally, Lambert himself concludes that the blackening is the smoke of London commerce . . . [which] . . . blackens the church's once white limestone after which Albion was named (141). According to these three interpretations, this black color represents the economic and religious presence of the Church. It is presented as a mysterious and tyrannical force which keeps people in line out of fear. Similarly, it is treated as vice of the Church, with its focus on obtaining wealth, or perhaps conversely, as the draw of more economic gain for factories, (represented by the soot), has dulled societys feelings of obligation and affection for the Church and for religion and morality as a whole. Possible Blakes view embodies all three of these. Lambert concludes that this metaphor is indeed a double entendre, but that as such it also plays an integral role in furthering one of the poem's major themes: the reflexive and cyclical nature of institutional oppression (141). Indeed, economic, social, political and religious influences have contributed to the downtrodden state of those that Blakes speaker sees on his wanderings through London. If this oppression is Blakes theme, then what might the poem be saying about the outlook for these inpiduals? It seems that some critics feel that one of Blakes points seems to be revealed, again, through sound. Graves notes that in many anthologies, the editors point out that the poem seems to imbed, acrostically, the word hear. While this may just be a type of game, by the poet, its thematic connection may be that speaking out and getting others to listen may be the answer for the oppressed who seem to only hobble along accepting their lot. Other examiners have observed that this echo resounds through several syntactical and rhetorical techniques in the poem. Graves explains this concept in the following: The echoic repetition hear/HEAR/hear epitomizes a key rhetorical technique in the poem, which gains much of its force from linked echoic forms including syntactic parallels, reiterated diction, and witty phonic doublets. For example, the verses repeat five other substantive words besides HEAR: charterd; cry (thrice); mark/Marks; street/streets; and Infants...The end rhymes, too, are inevitably phonic echoes. Notably, hear cooperates in two pairs of rhymes hear/fear and hear/tear.Assonance and alliteration predictably create other kinds of echoism, as do three other features: (a) syntactic parallelism (see, for example, lines 57, 10). (Graves 132-133). This interpretation makes sense as each of these repeated words and phrases has to do with a sound, the sounds of voices of the people. Graves use of the word echo is appropriate, as the sounds of grief do seem to reverberate off the walls of the city buildings. London is not an easy poem to read. While one might be put off by its initial sense of simplicity. However, it can be interpreted on many levels. These are social, political and even religious. While Blake does not supply any overt recommendations for the oppressed, he does seem to make a point with his syntax that speaking out, whether it be through poetry, essay, oration or any other medium, is perhaps the only way to change ones situation. Works Cited Blake, William. London. Retrieved 3 June 2007 from http://www.eliteskills.com/c/5099 Graves, Roy Neil. Blake's London. Explicator 63.3, Spring 2005: 131-136 Lambert, Stephen. Blake's London. Explicator 53.3 Spring 1995: 141 Moore, Andrew. London. Poems by William Blake. 2002. Retrieved 3 June 2007 from http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/poetry/blake.htm#lon Rix, Robert W. Blake's Auguries of Innocence, The French Revolution, and London. Explicator 64.1, Fall 2005: 27-29.