Developing Transport Service Provisions in Rural Areas

Developing Transport Service Provisions in Rural Areas UNDERGRADUATE ESSAY RURAL TRANSPORT PROVISION: CORNWALL Critically examine the range of approaches that have been used by rural  agencies to overcome problems of service provision. Discuss in relation to a  specific policy area. The following paper discusses the range of approaches used by Cornwall Country Council (CCC) to improve its provision of transport services to its rural population, focusing in-depth on the CCC’s support of ‘community transport’ schemes. In the past two decades transport services to rural areas across Britain, as well as in Cornwall in particular, have been in a state of ceaseless decline. Bus and train timetables have been dramatically reduced and made more inefficient and unreliable, and this decline has in turn led to many rural constituents becoming ever more dependent upon private and environmentally harmful transport; at the same time, hundreds of thousands of Cornish elderly people in rural areas have been either totally excluded from public transport services or have found these services to be severely limited. This problem of public transport provision to rural areas has affected Cornwall particularly badly; Cornwall’s geography is diverse and its rural communities are widely dispersed; to meet these communities’ needs the county requires a comprehensive and highly-organized system of public transport that has simply not been present in recent decades. In these years, under both Conservative and Labour governments, a profound lack investment in the infrastructure of rural transport facilities in Cornwall has led to a degeneration of service provision. Moreover, the price of public transport in rural areas, particularly after the privatization of many services, has proved prohibitively expensive for many people. Recent efforts to alleviate this problem have centred upon a reinvestment of resources, and it is the work of this essay to consider the ways in which this money has been invested in Cornwall. On April 1st 2006 the CCC launched its Countryside Concessionary Fares Scheme (CCC, 2006), replacing the Cornish Key Card scheme, and providing free bus travel in Cornwall to persons above the age of sixty and to disabled persons who are resident in Cornwall. The scheme extends across the whole of Cornwall and is co-run in partnership between Caradon, Carrick, Kerrier, North Cornwall, Penwith and Restormel councils. To tackle the problem of the cost of transport facilities the Cornwall County Council has introduced a number of budget schemes to help poorer residents in rural areas. For instance, PLUSBUS is a scheme that allows rural residents to save money by purchasing a combined rail and bus ticket and so make an overall saving. PLUSBUS provides holders with unlimited free travel on any routes within the county of Cornwall. In addition, Cornwall County Council has pledged to provide free school transport to every child of compulsory school age in rural Cornwall who would not otherwise be able to attend school. But perhaps the most important innovation supported by the CCC is that of community transport schemes. The term ‘community transport’ is used to describe passenger transport schemes that are owned and registered by local community groups. The idea behind such groups is that each works to solve some of the transport difficulties of a particular village or town or group of associated towns. Numerous such projects have been founded across Cornwall and have thus relieved to a significant degree the service provision pressure from the CCC. The existence of such schemes mean that the council is freer to better use its resources in areas where no such community schemes exist. Community transport schemes are operated as volunteer and non-profit organizations and therefore they have a second key advantage that they do not subject the people depending upon them to financial exploitation or manipulation. Services are not operated because they are profitable, or suspended because they are unprofitable à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ as with transport services run by commercial companies à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ but rather services are operated because they meet a definite need of a particular community or group communities. The attraction of such schemes is that they can be moulded to the needs of a particular community; if only three pensioners in the village of Grisham or Chatham require daily transport to the nearest town, then, instead of being denied service by commercial companies who fear losing money by operating a service for these pensioners, a community transport service such as a single minibus or minivan can be organised at minimal cost to provide service for these three pensioners. If twenty such pensioners need transport then two or three services and minivans can be organized; such schemes therefore have a great degree of flexibility. The additional advantage of such schemes is that they are specifically founded and run to help those persons in rural areas who would not otherwise have access to help. Of the various community transport schemes run in Cornwall the following are particularly worthy of discussion. Voluntary Car Schemes are, according to the CCC ‘an organized form of lift giving’ (CCC, 2006) where volunteer drivers offer to use their own cars to make door to door pick-ups and returns for people, usually the elderly or disabled, who would not otherwise be able to travel as frequently or freely. Community Bus Services are minibus services run by local volunteer groups operating along regular routes and according to a regular timetable; such services are moreover made available to all members of the general public. Details of such services have recently been published in the All Cornwall Public Transport Guide. Minibus Hire is another community transport service whereby minibuses owned and run by one local volunteer group are lent to other groups either for free or for a very small charge. Many of these vehicles have disabled persons access and can be used f or the purposes of leisure, of sport, of education and so on. Dial a Ride is a further community service which provides transport on a door-to-door basis to incapacitated members of the community who register for the service. Shopmobility lends wheelchairs and electric scooters as well as other services to allow the elderly and others to shop for themselves rather than remaining dependent upon others for their transport. Though not directly in control of community transport schemes, the CCC has recently sought to play an active part in the running and support of these transport initiatives. On its website, the CCC tells that three principal events or ideas have led to this decision. (1) The Council has become ever more conscious of the special transport needs of disabled persons and of the elderly, and has expressed a determination to do more than the basic requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act (HMG, 1995) mandatory requirements. The CCC has set as its ultimate transport goal for disabled and elderly people the idea of transport independence à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ an aim that goes well beyond the minimum requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act. To this end, the council has given considerable financial support to Age Concern, an organization which operates a volunteer car scheme across the county of Cornwall. Thus the CCC states ‘This (policy) has led to the development of fina ncial support for age concern in its provision of a county-wide car scheme; greater consideration of a suitable transport provision for all sectors of the community by the County Council and other statutory agencies, which has identified more clearly the opportunities for community transport activity’ (CCC, 2006). (2) Thee national Labour government has provided greater levels of central funding for county councils to develop and improve their service provision to rural areas; the arrival of this money has enabled the CCC to focus greater attention upon rural disability access and upon totality of service provision. (3) The CCC has begun to enter into several partnerships with voluntary agencies, thus providing an extension to their existing transport services. To this end, the CCC has stated that ‘The (Cornwall) County Council recognises that whilst it has a critical role to play in sector development, it is inappropriate and simply not viable for it to be the exclusiv e agency involved. Consequently, it is looking to develop new partnerships wit both the statutory and voluntary sector, operating at both a strategic and a local level’ (CCC, 2000). This quotation best sums up this significant change of attitude and strategy by the County Council towards the question of rural transport provision. The County Council is admitting that its own resources are insufficient to provide the full range of transport services required by its rural population and so has enlisted the aid of both other agencies and the rural population itself in the form of voluntary transport schemes. A few points of caution might be given here however to intersperse the many positive notes about community transport schemes given above. Firstly, such schemes, though welcomed and applauded by local councils and official agency organizations are not directly under their control; therefore the regulation of such schemes is far weaker and less organized than official transport services run by the CCC. Concomitant with this worry is another about safety; since community transport schemes are not managed directly by local government they are not subject to the same safety inspections and regulations as official services. Nonetheless, it may generally be said that those running community schemes are responsible members of their local communities and naturally therefore adhere to general laws of transport safety. The other point is that it is a widely held sentiment of those running such schemes that they are having to do so because of the inadequacy of government provided public transpor t to rural areas. If these services were more proficient and reliable, as they used to be, and as they presently are in many European countries such as Switzerland, Denmark, Holland and elsewhere, then community transport schemes would be superfluous because public transport would be a total provision. Indeed, it is the case that in the aforementioned countries community transport schemes do not exist nor do others like them. In the final analysis, this review of the success of Cornwall County Council’s various agencies in improving rural transport provision must end with a note of equivocation and suspended judgement. On the one hand, local agencies in Cornwall have clearly recognised the problem and extent of recent decades of underinvestment in rural transport, and rather than denying this problem or blaming it on previous administrations, they have actually sought to improve those services offered to Cornwall’s rural populations. Also on the positive side the County Council has recognised the needs of the county’s long-forgotten disabled and elderly rural populations and has welcomed the opportunity to implement, and indeed go beyond, the Disability Discrimination Act, in its transport provision. Schemes like the Countywide Concessionary Fares Scheme and PLUSBUS are direct efforts to improve the transport facilities and opportunities for underprivileged people in rural Cornwall; s o too the CCC’s pledge to guarantee free school transport for all school-children of compulsory age in rural Cornwall is a crucial and admirable initiative. But perhaps the County Council’s boldest initiative, and the one that signifies a profound change of attitude towards its obligations over rural transport, is that of supporting community transport schemes such as Dial a Ride and Shopmobility. In supporting these schemes, which are not officially under County Council financing or regulation, the Cornwall Country Council has recognised that it has insufficient resources to provide a full range of transport services to its rural population. Such an admission has its positive aspects in as much as it allows the council to contribute to the excellent schemes founded and operated by voluntary groups in Cornwall; groups who have made a very real difference to the quality of transport experience enjoyed by many of Cornwall’s elderly and disabled rural populations. On the other hand, in making such an admission the County Council has also shown its own failure, as well as the failure of successive governments, to properly deal with the national question of rural transport provision, and its particular condition in Cornwall. It is a simple fact that in those countries of Europe which have the highest standard of living, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria would be examples, that community transport schemes are just not necessary because government and local councils are sufficiently funded to provide all such services themselves. Proper and more efficient government allocation and spending of resources in Britain could undoubtedly have led to the same result in Cornwall, and so made the admirable and noble efforts of community transport scheme organizers unnecessary. BIBLIOGRAPHY Academic Books, Journals Internet Sources Cornish Key: Transport in Cornwall. (2006). www.cornishkey.com Cornwall County Council (CCC). (2006). www.cornwall.gov.uk Her Majesty’s Government. (1995). The Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Restormel Borough Council. (2006). www.restormel.gov.uk The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). www.defra.gov.uk

“Life of Pi” Mini Essay Essay

Juxtaposing â€Å"Crude reality† with fiction â€Å"for the sake of greater truth†, Yann Martel’s ‘Life of Pi’ illustrates the influence childhood experiences can have our lives, ultimately preparing us for adulthood and the challenges which lie ahead. The lessons Pi learns in his childhood essentially play a vital role in his survival at sea with the illusive figure of Richard Parker. Whilst some skills that Pi acquires in his early childhood plainly aid his future adventure some are not as blatantly obvious, none the less they are still fundamental in his survival and adult life. Pi’s early childhood experiences provide him with the basic skills required to survive his future voyage at sea as having learnt to so swim at age seven by Francis Adirubasamy â€Å"Mamaji† essentially proves vital to survival at sea. Moreover, his vast knowledge of animals, having grown up at a zoo, helps him tame Richard Parker regardless of which story entails the ‘truth’. Furthermore, pi’s experience of watching a tiger kill a goat in his early childhood taught him the fundamental lesson ‘an animal is an animal’, enabling him to strategically and mentally survive his long and testing time at sea. However, perhaps more fundamental in influencing his future adventures and childhood are not the skills that he acquired in his youth but instead the deeper knowledge of himself and the world around him attained through his religious beliefs. Pi’s belief in pluralism and acceptance of the three religions, Hinduism, Christianity and Islam aid his future and is a crucial part of his survival at sea, his faith in knowing â€Å"so long as god is with me, I will not die† gives him the mental strength and will power to survive his ordeal. Furthermore, the three religions and the stories they impart shred a light on and explore the diverse perceptions of truth, from the â€Å"Dry, yeastless factuality† modern depiction of truth. Ultimately, allowing him to manipulate the truth in order to be at peace with the â€Å"crude reality† of his ordeal. Pi’s childhood experiences and teachings learnt in Pondicherry play a vital role in his future adventures and adult life, shaping him and giving him the skills and inner strength required to survival 227 days at sea.

Directors duties - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3123 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Duty Essay Did you like this example? Question Recently gautam limited liability convened an annual general meeting in which five directors were elected. The board of directors had several meetings and they decided, interalia, to purchase 150 acres of land by using the company money. The directors thereinafter sold the land at high price and kept 10% of profit for themselves. Dom, one of the directors entered into agreement with several companies without informing the Board of Directors. Later Dom incorporated a new company with similar object clause and started to compete with Gautam Berhad. In an annual general meeting the minority shareholders raised the abuse of directors and excess profit made. The majority shareholders objected 1) Discuss the fiduciary responsibility of directors 2) Based on the facts to what extend the directors are unable (cases or section) 3) Discuss the right of minority shareholders 4) Based on the facts advise minority shareholder (use your own words) Answers 3) The right of minority shareholders are I. Rights Under The Memorandum And Articles Of Association. The Memorandum and Articles of Association (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“MAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) of a corporation are the statutory papers of a corporation. The MA are significant papers as they set out and normalize among other belongings the stuffs of the corporation and the method in which the corporation to be coped. The MA take result in rule as a agreement between not only the stockholders and the corporation, but between each individual stockholder and every other. Generally, a pretentious individual stockholder may carry an act in court to inhibit any suggested gap of the MA. In suitable cases, the court may also set aside deeds done in gap of the MA. However, where a third party is intricate, the courts may be less equipped to set aside the deal unless the third bash recognizes or perhaps should to have recognized of the gap. To further ensconce privileges under the MA, the law delivers that the MA can only be edited by a special purpose, that is to say a purpose conceded by a mainstream of not less than three-fourths of the stockholders elective either in person or by proxy at the overall conference of the corporation. The MA is therefore an significant starting fact for a stockholder who may feel pained. A stockholder is eligible at rule to a replica of the MA, and on demand, the corporation is compulsory to send a replica of the MA to the stockholder. The stockholder is, however compulsory to create imbursement of $5.00 or such lesser amount as is immovable by the directors. II. The Right To Information As the saying goes, knowledge is supremacy. This is no dissimilar in the case of the minority stockholder, who frequently by cause of not being intricate in the day to day administration of the corporation, will not own thorough info on the relationships of the corporation. The law strikes an equilibrium from necessitating too mu ch exposÃÆ' © (which may be excessively onerous and affect the capability to uphold a gradation of certainty that may be desirable to the administration of a business), and the neediness of stockholders not in administration to be informed. The following are some of the causes of info on a corporation. The records referred to in sub-paragraphs i), ii), iii) and iv) below may be examined by a stockholder without safekeeping, and replicas may be obtained by imbursement of a minimal safekeeping. The register of stockholders. This register which is normally reserved at the listed office of the corporation would deliver info as to the titles and addresses of the stockholders and their stockholdings. The register of managements, office assistant, directors and accountants. This register which is kept at the listed office of the corporation would comprise definite arranged info on the own details of these peoples and of their arrangements. Unconnectedly there is a register of m anagerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stockholdings reserved at the listed workplace that would among other things show a managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stockholding in the corporation or in a related company, and whether any manager has privileges or possibilities to get or dispose of stocks in the corporation or a related company. The register of considerable stockholders. This register which is reserved at the listed workplace of the corporation would deliver info on peoples interested in not less than 5% of the elective stocks in the corporation and the magnitude of their curiosity. i) The register of debenture owners and the register of accusations. These registers are commonly reserved at the listed office. A debenture is normally a paper which makes or admits an obligation. The register of debenture owners would offer details of debenture owners to whom the corporation has published debentures (other than debentures movable by distribution) and the sum of debentures apprehended by them . The register of accusations would deliver info associating to most shape of safety granted by a corporation to protect debts of the corporation. The miniature paperback of overall conferences. The miniature paperback is reserved at the listed office or chief site of industry of the corporation. A stockholder may examine without accusation the miniature paperwork which are compulsory to be reserved or minutes of all overall conferences of the corporation. The accounted profit and loss financial records of the corporation, the accountantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ report and the managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ report. These reports are compulsory to be conveyed to stockholders not less than 14 days before the overall conferences of the corporation at which the financial records are to be presented. These papers deliver beneficial info associating to the monetary relationships of the corporation. i)The Registry of Companies. The Registry upholds a record of papers wedged with the registe r office. Replicas of papers comprising much of the info characterized above may be purchased from the Register office. III. The Right To Attend, Vote And Call General Meetings Of The Company A stockholder has a correct to be present any overall conference of the corporation. A stockholder is also eligible to tell at the conference. Overall conferences of corporations are significant events for minority stockholders, especially of big corporations, as it is an event to encounter and enquire queries of the administration. Further, stockholders of a corporation (other than those holding non-voting option stocks) are eligible to ballot on any resolve. With one exemption, such privileges may not be debarred by the MA of the corporation. The exemption is that the law countenances a corporation to deliver in its Articles for postponement of such privileges where appeals or other amounts billed by a stockholder in admiration of his or her stocks have not been remunerated. Apart from the Yearly Overall Conference, Remarkable Overall Conference (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“EGMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) of a corporation may be termed. Two or more stockholders holding not less than 10% of the topics allotment wealth of the corporation, or such lesser quantity as is delivered in the Articles, may call for an EGM. Further, a resolve may be put onward for elective at a overall conference if a requisition is made in script by (i) stockholders holding not less than 5% of the elective privileges, or (ii) not less than 100 stockholders holding stocks in the corporation on which there has been remunerated up an mediocre amount, per stockholder, of not less than $500.00. The prerequisite of a 10% shareholding, 5% elective privileges or 100 stockholders may not continuously be effortless to encounter in a case of minority stockholders in a corporation having many stockholders, such as definite big corporations. Thus, there may be a need to tug together capitals, and governments such as t he SIAS would no uncertainty be in a location in suitable cases to aid enable such labors. D. The Overall Correct To Be Cured Justly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Constitutional Medicine Under Section 216 Of The Companies Act Section 216 of the Companies Act exemplifies the overall correct of a stockholder, in precise a minority stockholder, to be cured justly. Cases in court allocating with the piece display that while the courts identify the privileges of the mainstream, where there has been a noticeable leaving from the values of just play likely on the part of the mainstream of those in administration, the courts may intrude to deliver a medication. Under the piece, a stockholder may apply to court for help where: the relationships of the corporation are being piloted or the supremacies of the managements are being exercised in a mode tyrannical to one or more stockholders or in disrespect of his or their welfares as stockholders; or some action of the corporation has been finished or is endangered or that some resolve of the stockholders, or any tutorial of them has been voted for or is else biased to one or more of the stockholders (including the stockholder creating the request). Under the first ground, the relationships of the corporation would be piloted in a tyrannical mode where there is a noticeable leaving from the values of just allocating and a defilement of the situations of just drama that a stockholder is eligible to professional. A case of ignoring the curiosity of a stockholder will be formed out where those in rheostat of the corporation in spite of being conscious of the welfares of the minority create an intentional conclusion to overrule or broom it to the side. Under the second ground, a case may be formed out where there are prejudiced actions which cannot be vindicated with allusion to the curiosity of the corporation and which operate unethically. On the other hand, a case may be delivered on the ground of biased preco nception, and in this esteem there are a great quantity on examples where a case of biased preconception may be formed out. Case law signifies that the magistrates are more eager to create a discovery of biased preconception where the demeanor protested of is not in accordance with the articles or some other prerequisite of law. Exceptionally, demeanor that is lawful may, in definite restricted situations, be unfairly prejudicial. This is, however, the exemption rather than the law. The exemption ascends in conditions where the articles do not mirror the sympathetic upon which the stockholders were related. In this esteem, if there are legitimate expectations on the part of the shareholder which have been breached, the court may intrude and deliver a medication. In overall, however, stockholders (chiefly of big corporations having many stockholders) have no extra legal anticipation out there that discussed on them by the constitution of the corporation. If the case is made out under section 216, the court has extensive supremacies to medication or put an end to the substances protested of. For example, the court may instant or forbid any action or revoke or differ any deal or resolve. The court may also create instructions to normalize the demeanor of the corporation in the upcoming. In suitable cases, the court may empower civic minutes to be delivered in the title of the corporation against people against whom the corporation has entitlements. The wide-ranging extensiveness of the supremacies of the court go so fast as to countenance the court to gale up or clear up the corporation if such is essential to medication or end the substances protested of. The penalties of zigzagging up a corporation are further dealt with in Part E of this article. IV. The Remedy Of Winding Up The Company The courts may, among other grounds, wind up a corporation on a request by a stockholder where: The managers have acted in the relationships of the corporation i n their own welfares rather than in the welfares of the stockholders as a whole, or in any other mode whatever which seems to be biased or unfair to other stockholders. It is just and unbiased to do so. The courts have formed unblemished that it is mistaken to frontier the conditions in which a case for zigzagging up on the fair and reasonable ground may be formed out. The courts, however, frequently do necessitate some adequately staid crime, indecorous demeanor or gap of some sympathetic or legal anticipation on the part of a stockholder. Cases have also revealed that the medication is not only obtainable in cases where some gap or contravention of some lawful privileges is intricate, such as a gap of the MA, but also gaps of some legal anticipation on the part of a stockholder that may not be instituted on the lawful correct. For example, in small and nearly dash corporations, the courts have on event granted the medication where a stockholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legal anticipa tion to partake in administration was trespassed. It should, however, be cited that the greater the corporation and its quantity of stockholders the more problematic it would be in the conditions of the case to found a legal anticipation. This is because with a big stockholder base, it is more likely that stockholders would normalize their events by mention to more official and lawful preparations such as the MA rather than unofficial and understood preparations and anticipations. Zigzagging up is a radical medication in that it puts into operation a procedure which would lead to the end of the corporation. Except for a petite retro after a zigzagging up instruction is formed, the corporation would no longer be able to do industry and stages would be taken to gale down the corporation. Examinations into the relationships of the corporations including the actions of managements and constables of the corporation may be tackled in the procedure of zigzagging up. Thus, in suitable cases, the medication of zigzagging up is an influential medication, though frequently of latter report, obtainable to stockholders. V. The Right To Sue On Behalf Of A Company There may be events where an incorrect is done to a corporation, but the mainstream or those in rheostat of the corporation agree to take no act in admiration of the crime. Since the incorrect is to the corporation, the entitlement has to be brought by the corporation and a minority stockholder will normally have to bear by the decision of the mainstream or those in rheostat. This is a normal aspect of mainstream law. However, where the action protested of is out there the stuffs of the corporation as set out in the memo of the corporation, any stockholder may prosecute to have the deal reticent. This is because the mainstream has no correct to necessitate the corporation to do something out there its things. Further, exceptionally the courts in the welfares of fairness would, put on overall rule, allow such a entitlement to be carried by the minority, specially where there has been an misuse of supremacy. A mutual example where the minority has been permitted to carry or uphold the act is where the mainstream of those in rheostat have muffled legal privileges being carried against themselves. This correct at overall rule is complemented by section 216A of the Companies Act which sets out a process to countenance a stockholder to put on to court in suitable cases to countenance an act by the corporation to ensue. The process under section 216A is, however, not obtainable in admiration of corporations registered on the Singapore Interchange. However, there is nil to prevent a privilege being carried under overall rule in the case of registered corporations. 4) Based on the facts I would like to advise minority shareholder on: Our customer in a publishing corporation for over 10 years having been one of the founders of the industry. Our customer was also a manager and worker of the corporation and had slowly condensed her employed hours in training for superannuation. When the stockholders of the corporation were impended by a big cosmopolitan watching to obtain the industry, our customer enquired us to counsel her as a minority stockholder on the auction of her stockholding and in precise the levy insinuations. We had originally counseled our customer in joining with a stockholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ contract (useful checklist for stockholder contracts here) and new articles of connotation when a third bash saver combined the corporation as a stockholder several years ago. Our counsel at that phase was that our customer should make sure that her stockholding was not diluted to less than 5%, that her stocks convey elective privileges and that she continue a manager and/or worker of the corporation to make sure that she does not endanger her capability to acquire businesspersonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ release on a auction. We also counseled on the c orporation reform which intricate adjustments to the portion wealth to cater for dissimilar lessons of stocks. Our customer was conscious that the articles of connotation included slog alongside privileges that could potency her to vend her stocks at the equal value as the other stockholders however she was also ardent to make sure that her privileges were sheltered as entirely as likely in the auction documentation (including the portion acquisition contract). In adding, our customer desired to make sure that the deal was systematized in the most levy well-organized method likely from her viewpoint. She grips at least 5% of the normal portion wealth of the aim corporation designating her to 5% of the elective privileges. She is a constable or worker of the aim corporation (or one of the corporations in the collection) The location concerning the earn out deliberation be eligible for businesspersonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ release was more intricate, especially given the one year ho lding prerequisite. We thus bargained with the purchaser than the deliberation should be organized in such a mode as to empower our customer to advantage from businesspersonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ release in admiration of the earn out deliberation as well as the early deliberation. The portion acquisition contract enclosed a quantity of guarantees and insurances however as our customer was only a minority stockholder in the corporation we bargained with the purchaser that she would not be obligatory to provide the guarantees and insurances on a combined and numerous foundation with the other venders and her accountability would be partial to the all-out sum of deliberation she was getting under the portion acquisition contract. We revised the guarantees and exposÃÆ' © note with our customer to make sure that she was contented with the guarantees that were being given and the exposÃÆ' ©s that had been formed. We also counseled our customer on limiting agreements which the purchaser compulsory in the portion acquisition contract. As our customer was owing to be retiring and had no intention of setting up a contending industry she was contented with the limitations suggested by the purchaser. Our customer was pleased when the deal finished and has since referred us to home participants and contacts for counsel on corporation rule and recruitment rule topics. References: https://sias.org.sg/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=268Itemid=102lang=en# https://www.gannons.co.uk/expertise/case-studies/tax-law-case-studies/advising-a-minority-shareholder-on-sale/ Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Directors duties" essay for you Create order

What Is Radical Feminism

Radical feminism is a philosophy emphasizing the patriarchal roots of inequality between men and women, or, more specifically, the social domination of women by men. Radical feminism views patriarchy as dividing societal rights, privileges, and power primarily along the lines of sex, and as a result, oppressing women and privileging men. Radical feminism opposes existing political and social organization in general because it is inherently tied to patriarchy. Thus, radical feminists tend to be skeptical of political action within the current system and instead tend to focus on culture  change that undermines patriarchy and associated hierarchical structures. What Makes It Radical? Radical feminists tend to be more militant in their approach (radical as getting to the root) than other feminists.  A radical feminist aims to dismantle patriarchy rather than making adjustments to the system through legal changes.  Radical feminists also resist reducing oppression to an economic or class issue, as socialist or Marxist feminism sometimes did or does. Radical feminism opposes patriarchy, not men. To equate radical feminism to man-hating is to assume that patriarchy and men are inseparable, philosophically and politically.  (Although, Robin Morgan has defended man-hating as the right of the oppressed class to hate the class that is oppressing them.) Roots of Radical Feminism Radical feminism was rooted in the wider radical contemporary movement. Women who participated in the anti-war and New Left political movements of the 1960s found themselves excluded from equal power by the men within the movement, despite the movements supposed underlying values of empowerment.  Many of these women split off into specifically feminist groups, while still retaining much of their original political radical ideals and methods.  Radical feminism became the term used for the more radical edge of feminism. Radical feminism is credited with the use of consciousness-raising groups to raise awareness of womens oppression. Later radical feminists sometimes added a focus on sexuality, including some moving to radical political lesbianism. Barbara Alper / Getty Images Some key radical feminists were Ti-Grace Atkinson,  Susan Brownmiller, Phyllis Chester,  Corrine Grad Coleman,  Mary Daly,  Andrea Dworkin,  Shulamith Firestone, Germaine Greer,  Carol Hanisch, Jill Johnston, Catherine MacKinnon, Kate Millett, Robin Morgan, Ellen Willis, and Monique Wittig.  Groups that were part of the radical feminist wing of feminism include Redstockings,  New York Radical Women (NYRW), the Chicago Womens Liberation Union (CWLU), Ann Arbor Feminist House, The Feminists,  WITCH, Seattle Radical Women, and Cell 16.  Radical feminists organized demonstrations against the Miss America pageant in 1968. Key Issues and Tactics Central issues engaged by radical feminists include: Reproductive rights for women, including the freedom to make choices to give birth, have an abortion, use birth control, or get sterilizedEvaluating and then breaking down traditional gender roles in private relationships as well as in public policiesUnderstanding pornography as an industry and practice leading to harm to women, although some radical feminists disagreed with this positionUnderstanding rape as an expression of patriarchal power, not a seeking of sexUnderstanding prostitution under patriarchy as the oppression of women, sexually and economicallyA critique of motherhood, marriage, the nuclear family, and sexuality, questioning how much of our culture is based on patriarchal assumptionsA critique of other institutions, including government and religion, as centered historically in patriarchal power Tools used by radical womens groups included consciousness-raising groups, actively providing services, organizing public protests, and putting on art and culture events.  Womens studies programs at universities are often supported by radical feminists as well as more liberal and socialist feminists. Some radical feminists promoted a political form of lesbianism or celibacy as alternatives to heterosexual sex within an overall patriarchal culture. There remains disagreement within the radical feminist community about transgender identity.  Some radical feminists have supported the rights of transgender people, seeing it as another gender liberation struggle; some have opposed the transgender movement, seeing it as embodying and promoting patriarchal gender norms. Writings Mary Daly. The Church and the Second Sex: Towards a Philosophy of Womens Liberation. 1968.  Mary Daly.  Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism.  1978.Alice Echols and Ellen Willis. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975. 1990.Shulamith Firestone. The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. 2003 reissue.F. Mackay.  Radical Feminism: Feminist Activism in Movement. 2015.Kate Millett.  Sexual Politics.  1970.Denise Thompson, Radical Feminism Today. 2001.Nancy Whittier.  Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Womens Movement. 1995. Quotes From Radical Feminists I didnt fight to get women out from behind vacuum cleaners to get them onto the board of Hoover. — Germaine Greer All men hate some women some of the time and some men hate all women all of the time. — Germaine Greer The fact is that we live in a profoundly anti-female society, a misogynistic civilization in which men collectively victimize women, attacking us as personifications of their own paranoid fears, as The Enemy. Within this society it is men who rape, who sap womens energy, who deny women economic and political power. —  Mary Daly I feel that man-hating is an honorable and viable political act, that the oppressed have a right to class-hatred against the class that is oppressing them.  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Robin Morgan In the long run, Womens Liberation will of course free men—but in the short run its going to COST men a lot of privilege, which no one gives up willingly or easily. — Robin Morgan Feminists are often asked whether pornography causes rape. The fact is that rape and prostitution caused and continue to cause pornography. Politically, culturally, socially, sexually, and economically, rape and prostitution generated pornography; and pornography depends for its continued existence on the rape and prostitution of women. — Andrea Dworkin